英文文献方法论.ppt

/docrep/w3241e/w3241e05.htm * * /pgi-qa2m8heb/connectors-sequence-markers/ * Describing Academic Writing Course Contents Definition of Methodology 1 Questionnaire Designing 2 Elements in Methodology Section 3 Writing Exercises 4 What is Methodology? 1. the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study, or the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge; 2. the analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and postulates employed by a discipline; 3. the systematic study of methods that are, can be, or have been applied within a discipline; 4. the study or description of methods --Wikipedia Data Collection Methods? Qualitative Methods observation in-depth interview questionnaire with open-ended questions document review Quantitative Methods experiment structured interview (face-to-face; telephone; computer-assisted) questionnaire with closed questions (paper-pencil; mailed; web-based) What is a questionnaire? a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents a data-gathering device that elicits from a respondent the answers or reactions to pre-arranged questions presented in a specific order a series of questions asked to individuals to obtain statistically useful information about a given topic a group of printed questions used to collect information from the people who answer them (usually called respondents) The questionnaire was invented by Sir Francis Galton. Question Types? Closed-ended questions open-ended questions Open questions Closed questions Elicit “rich” qualitative data Elicit quantitative data Encourage thought and freedom of expression Can encourage ‘mindless’ replies May discourage responses from less literate respondents Are easy for all literacy levels to respond to Take longer to answer and may put some people off Are quick to answe