语言学Chapter 1复习课件.ppt

Chapter One Invitations to Linguistics 语言学导论 * 1. What is Language? “Language is a means of verbal communication.”语言是言语交际的一种方式 It is instrumental （工具性的）in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act. It is social and conventional （社会性的、约定性的）in that language is a social semiotic and communication can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and socio-cultural roles. * 2. Design Features of Language语言的定义特征 2.1 Arbitrariness任意性 Saussure（索绪尔）: the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning语言符号的形式与所表示的意义没有天然的联系 The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention. * 2.2 Duality二层性 The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization 二层性指拥有两层结构的这种特性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成，每层都有自身的组合规则 * 2.3 Creativity 创造性 Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness（递归性）. We can use it to create new meanings. Words can be used in new ways to mean new things, and can be instantly understood by people who have never come across that usage before. * 2.4 Displacement 移位性 Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 移位性指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体、时间或观点 Displacement benefits human beings by giving us the power to handle generalizations and abstractions（赋予人们概括和抽象能力）. * 3. Origin of language语言的起源 The ‘Divine’ origin神赋说: The “bow-wow” theory摹声说 The “pooh-pooh” theory感叹说 The “yo-he-ho” theory哼育声说 The evolutionary theory进化说 * 4. Functions of language语言的功能 Jakobson：the addresser sends a message to the addressee in a certain context by means of a code through contact Referential – context 所指功能 Poetic – message 诗学功能