语言学chapter 3. morphology.ppt

Review Questions 1. How are English consonants classified? 2. How are English Vowels classified? 3. Phonetic transcription 4. supresegmentls Chapter 3 Morphology Morphology Morph, verb; morphing, noun [U] [V, VN] to change smoothly from one image to another using computer ANIMATION; to make an image change in this way -ology (BrE also -logy) combining form (in nouns), a subject of study: sociology; genealogy a characteristic of speech or writing: phraseology; trilogy -ological, -logical (also -ologic, -logic) (in adjectives): pathological-ologist, -logist (in nouns): biologist Chapter 3 Morphology 3.1 What is a word? 3.2 The formation of Word 3.3 Lexical Change 4 TERMS Lexeme Morpheme Allomorph Word (1) What is a lexeme (义素)? the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other similar units. an abstract unit. can occur in many different forms in actual spoken or written sentences, and is regarded as the same lexeme even when inflected. E.g. the word “write” is the lexeme of “write, writes, wrote, writing and written.” (2) What is a morpheme? the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. E.g. boxes = box + es neither of “box” or “es” permits further division or analysis shapes if we don’t want to sacrifice its meaning. morpheme The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. The smallest meaningful element of language that cannot be reduced to smaller elements. (Bussmann 1996: 313) (3) What is an allomorph? An allomorph is the alternate shapes of the same morpheme. E.g. the variants of the plurality “-s” : map – maps, mouse – mice, ox – oxen, tooth – teeth, etc. (4) What is a word? A word is the smallest of the linguistic units that can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance in speech