东北大学Grammar.ppt

College English 教师：刘卓 janetliuzhuo@ 时态、语态 Active voice and Passive voice: do --- be done be doing --- be being done have done --- have been done shall / will do --- shall / will be done 注意下列句型： It is / was said / reported / estimated stated / that … It is said that he is good at operating computers. It is reported that the number of wild animals in Africa is decreasing. 语气 虚拟语气 (subjunctive mood) 虚拟语气表示所说的话只是一种主观的愿望、假想和建议。虚拟语气主要分为两大类：条件从句的虚拟语气和其它从句的虚拟语气。 (—) 条件从句的虚拟语气：一般分为两种情况： 表示与现在事实相反，if…did，…would do。 e.g. If I knew German，I would read the book in the original. 表示与过去事实相反，用if…had done，…would have done e.g. If we had left earlier, we would have caught the train.　 (二) 用在其他从句中的虚拟语气有： 1. 用在wish之后的宾语从句中:一般有三种情况： (1)表示现在的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时，be换成were。 e.g. I wish I remembered the address． (2)表示对过去的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时。 e.g. I wish you had written to him． (3)表示未来不大可能实现的愿望，从句谓语用would do。 e.g. I wish you would stop ask questions． 　 2. 用在表示命令、建议、要求和愿望等宾语从句中，谓语动词用should do (可省略should) 常见的这类动词有： order， command，advise, suggest，propose，recommend，demand，request，insist，decide，desire 由上述动词派生出的名词在同位语从句和表语从句中，谓语动词也要用这种形式。如： e.g. He made the suggestion that they (should) carry on their conversation in French．　 3. 在It is／was+形容词(分词)+that从句中，其谓语动词用(should) do 常用于该种句型的形容词有：important，vital，crucial，necessary，essential, desirable，advisable，suggested，ordered，requested，commanded e.g. It was essential that these application forms (should) be sent back before the deadline. 4. 在as if，as though和if only引导的状语从句中，表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时。　 (三) 虚拟语气的一些特殊情况： 1. 在if条件句的虚拟语气中有时会出现主从句所指的时间不一致的情况，我们称这种句子为混合型虚拟语气中。这种从句的谓语动词的形式要根据所表示的时间来调整。如： e.g. If I had worked hard in university, I would sit in a comfortable office now. 2. 带有介词without，but for(要不是)，otherwise(否则)，or等的虚拟语气的使用。如： e.g. Without air we could not live on the earth．(与现在事实相反)． But for the storm we would have been there in time．(与过去事实相反) 3. if条件句其谓语为were，should，had时，可省略if，把were，should，had移到主语之前构成倒装句。 e.g. W