chapter22概要1.pptVIP

Chapter 2 (continued) Speech Sounds So far, we have concentrated on describing consonant sounds in terms of how they are articulated (manner of articulation). [p] and [k] We can, of course, describe the same sounds in terms of where they are articulated (place of articulation). Such description is necessary if we wish to be able to differentiate between some sounds which, in the preceding discussion, we have placed in the same category. place of articulation The place of articulation refers to the location at which the restriction occurs. Practically consonants may be produced at any place between the lips and the vocal folds. (7/11) To describe the place of articulation of most consonants, we can start at the front of the mouth and work back. place of articulation Bilabials双唇音: [p, b, m] [w] We articulate these sounds by bringing both lips together. Labiodentals唇齿音: [f, v] by touching the lower lip to the upper front teeth. place of articulation Dentals齿音:[θ, e] with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth; sometimes with the tongue tip between the upper and lower teeth (interdental). Alveolars齿龈音:[t, d, n, l, s, z, ] by raising the front part of the tongue to the alveolar ridge. place of articulation Postalveolars/ alveopalatals/ palato-alveolars 后齿龈音/齿龈上颚音:[?, ? t?, d? ] with the front part of tongue at the very front of the hard palate just behind the alveolar ridge. Palatal硬颚音:[j] produced with the front of the tongue in the middle of the hard palate. yes and yet. Velars软颚音: [k, g , ?] made with the back of the tongue against the soft palate/ velum. Glottals 喉音/声门音: [h] the flow of air through the opening glottis (no airflow restriction). in hat and hold. If the air is stopped completely at the glottis by tightly closing the vocal cords, the sound produced is a glottal stop. [ ] in bottle button beaten What is [b]/[p]? [b] bilabial stop [p] bilabial stop Classifying English consonants Criteria i) manner of articulation (degree of ob