认知心理学（邵志芳）第9章 推理.pptVIP

三大学派的比较 Nature of the fundamental unit Component (information processing routine) Inference rule (rule) Mental model (representation) Definition of reasoning Using one or more particular assemblies of component processes to encode, find, map, or apply a relationship Following (implicitly or explicitly) a rule heuristic, or schema to make inferences Constructing one or more representations consistent with given information to reach and test conclusions 三大学派的比较 Range of existing reasoning tasks applied to so far Analogies; series completions; conditional, categorical, and linear syllogisms; mathematical and verbal induction; detective-story problems Conditional, categorical, and linear syllogisms; probabalistic and statistical reasoning problems Conditional, categorical and linear syllogisms; open ended reasoning about social and political issues Major findings easily explained Difficulty with negative and marked premise terms; problems in encoding on formal reasoning tasks Content effects; intrusion of background knowledge Failure to consider all possible interpretations or consequences of premises; intrusion of background knowledge 三大学派的比较 三大学派的比较 Other strengths Great deal of empirical data that tests theory Good amount of empirical data that tests theory; has attracted investigators from several fields (philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence, linguistics) Specifically designed to be extendable to everyday reasoning 三大学派的比较 Major shortcomings Lack of analysis of which components are used in everyday reasoning; lack of definition of the term component Lack of specificity over when and how rules are used; lack of definition of the term rule Lack of empirical data, especially training studies; lack of definition of the term model 推理 推理 演绎推理　归纳推理　日常推理 推理行为 前提表达效应　前提含义替换　漏考可能性　内容效应　可信度效应　偏向性 研究推理的三大学派 过程分析学派　规则／启发式学派　心理模型学派 演绎推理 命题推理－－根据前提（命题）得出结论 逻辑符号： : and v : or ? : not → : implication 条件推理 条件推理有两个规则 ? 　　　规则１　　　　　规则２ 　　　P→Q　　　　　　P→Q 　　　P　　　　　　　　 ? Q