第7章沉积古地理学-1.ppt

Chapter 7 Sedimentary paleogeography沉积古地理学 7.1 concepts and laws 7.2 sed.-facies indicators 7.3 sed. environments 1 Sed. environment 2 Sedimentary facies 3 Facies changes and analysis of sed-facies 4 Walther’s law 5 Uniformitarianism 1 沉积环境(sedimentary environment)— 一个具有独特的 物理、化学和生物 特征的自然地理单元 3 相变——地层的岩石特征和生物特征及其所反映的沉积环境和沉积作用在空间（横向）上的变化。 Facies changes? 相分析三要素 Material: Physical-chemical-biological Principle of Uniformitarianism – “The Present is the key to the past” Methodology– a detective’s approach Induction; Deduction Principle + Methodology 7.1 Concepts and law Sketch showing Walther’s law ●Stratigraphical conformities? 7.1 Concepts and law What is an Uniformitarianism Uniformitarianism Continuity of Cause and Effect Apply Cause and Effect to Future – Prediction (CO2, CH4?warming) Apply Cause and Effect to Present - Technology (Building bridge ) Apply Cause and Effect to Past – Uniformitarianism (coral reef? neritic) Example-1 Uniformitarianism does not mean: Catastrophes never occur Physical Conditions on the Earth never Change Earth has always been the same Physical processes always occur at the same rate or intensity Laws of Physics have always been the same BIF: Fe3O4 Uniformitarianism does mean: Using our knowledge of physical laws, we can test: Whether catastrophes have occurred Whether physical conditions on earth have changed, and if so, how (ice ages, warm periods, high or low sea level, etc.) Whether physical laws themselves have changed in time, or elsewhere in the universe. Brachiopods Zoophycos Desiccation cracks  Syneresis cracks, 1500Ma, 大红峪组 Desiccation cracks  Syneresis cracks, 1200Ma, 北大尖组 Biostabilization Uniformitarianism 类比分析 将今论古 将古论今 将古论古 将今论未来 将古论古-蜓 将今天论未来 The End * * 7.1 Concepts and laws 2 沉积相(Sedimentary facies)——反映沉积记录成因（环境、条件和沉积作用）的岩石特征和生物特征的综合。即沉积记录成因的物质表现。 岩相(lithofacies, petrofacies) 生物相(biofacies) Carbonate facies Shale facies Sandstone facies Shale coal facies 4相分析(facies anal