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5 - Cold Working Brass - California State (5 -冷加工黄铜加州)
Experiment 5 - Cold Work, Recovery, Recrystallization and Grain Growth
Objective
To study the effects of cold working on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 70/30
Cartridge Brass.
Background
A small percentage of the energy expended in plastically deforming a material remains stored in
the metal as an increase in internal energy. Changes are produced in both its physical and
mechanical properties. Principally, there is a marked increase in hardness and electrical
resistivity with the amount of cold working.
Microstructurally, this increment in internal energy is associated with an increase in the
dislocation density as well as the density of point defects, such as vacancies and interstitials.
6 7 2
For most metals, the dislocation density increases from the values of 10 -10 lines/cm (typical
of the annealed state) to 108 9 11 12 2
-10 after a few percent deformation and up to 10 -10 lines/cm
after heavy deformation.
At a more macrostructural level, the grains become markedly elongated in the direction of
working and heavily distorted. This distortion is evident from a bending of annealing twins and
from unevenness in etching caused by local strain inhomogeneities. While the increased
hardness and strength that result from the working operation can be important, it is often
necessary to return the metal to its initial condition by annealing. This usually means
holding the cold worked metal at a temperature above about 1/3 of the absolute melting point
for a period of time.
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