characterizations of projective and -projective semimodules投影、射影幺的性格特征.pdfVIP

IJMMS 32:7 (2002) 439–448 PII. S0161171202109227 © Hindawi Publishing Corp. CHARACTERIZATIONS OF PROJECTIVE AND k-PROJECTIVE SEMIMODULES HUDA MOHAMMED J. AL-THANI Received 14 September 2001 To my late father This paper deals with projective and k-projective semimodules. The results for projective semimodules are generalization of corresponding results for projective modules. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 16Y60. 1. Introduction. Throughout this paper, R denotes a semiring with identity 1, all semimodules M are left R-semimodules and in all cases are unitary semimodules, that is, 1 ·m = m for all m ∈ M all left R-semimodule R M . We recall here (cf. [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) the following facts: (a) let α : M → N be a homomorphism of semimodules. The subsemimodule Im α of N is defined as follows: Im α = {n ∈ N : n + α(m ) = α(m) for some m, m ∈ M }. The homomorphism α is said to be an isomorphism if α is injective and surjective; to be i-regular if α(M) = Im α; to be k-regular if for m,m ∈ M , α(m) = α(m ) implying that m +k = m +k for some k,k ∈ Ker α; and to be regular if it is both i-regular and k-regular; α β (b) the sequence K → M → N is called an exact sequence if Ker β = Im α, and proper exact if Ker β = α(K); (c) for any two R-semimodules N , M , HomR (N,M) := {α : N → M | α is an R- homomorphism of semimodules } is a semigroup under addition. If M , N , U, are R-semimodules and α : M → N is a homomorphism, then Hom (IU ,α) : HomR (U,M)