cytokines the future of intranasal vaccine adjuvants细胞因子的未来鼻内的疫苗佐剂.pdfVIP

Hindawi Publishing Corporation Clinical and Developmental Immunology Volume 2011, Article ID 289597, 17 pages doi:10.1155/2011/289597 Review Article Cytokines: The Future of Intranasal Vaccine Adjuvants Afton L. Thompson1 and Herman F. Staats1, 2, 3 1 Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, NC 27710, USA 2 Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA 3 Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Herman F. Staats, hfs@ Received 6 January 2011; Accepted 22 May 2011 Academic Editor: Hiroshi Nakajima Copyright © 2011 A. L. Thompson and H. F. Staats. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Due to its potential as an effective, needle-free route of immunization for use with subunit vaccines, nasal immunization continues to be evaluated as a route of immunization in both research and clinical studies. However, as with other vaccination routes, subunit vaccines often require the addition of adjuvants to induce potent immune responses. Unfortunately, many commonly used experimental vaccine adjuvants, such as cholera toxin and E. coli heat-labile toxin, are too toxic for use in humans. Because new adjuvants are needed, cytokines have been evaluated for their ability to provide effective adjuvant activity when delivered by the nasal route in both animal models and in limited human studies. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the potential of cytokines as nasal vaccine adjuvants. 1. Introduction