原创力文档effects of household storage and plumbing systems on the levels of trace elements in desalinated drinking water in kuwait影响家庭存储和管道系统的微量元素水平淡化水饮用水在科威特.pdfVIP
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effects of household storage and plumbing systems on the levels of trace elements in desalinated drinking water in kuwait影响家庭存储和管道系统的微量元素水平淡化水饮用水在科威特
Journal of Environmental Protection, 2012, 3, 1470-1484
/10.4236/jep.2012.311164 Published Online November 2012 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/jep)
Effects of Household Storage and Plumbing Systems on the
Levels of Trace Elements in Desalinated Drinking Water
in Kuwait
1 2 1
Humood F. Al-Mudhaf , Nabeel M. Al-Khulaifi , Mohammad N. Al-Hayan ,
Abdel-Sattar I. Abu-Shady1*
1Chemical Engineering Technology Department, College of Technological Studies, Public Authority for Applied Education and
Training, Adailiyah, Kuwait; 2Environmental Health Department, College of Health Sciences, Public Authority for Applied Educa-
tion and Training, Adailiyah, Kuwait.
*
Email: aasattar44@
th st nd
Received June 9 , 2012; revised August 1 , 2012; accepted September 2 , 2012
ABSTRACT
Household desalinated drinking water samples collected from outdoor points and from indoor consumption points at 99
locations representing more than 95% of the residential areas in Kuwait were analyzed for 25 trace elements and water
quality parameters. Only Al, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, and Zn were found to be over-represented at the consumption point
compared with the outdoor point, with wide variations among the sampling locations and elements. The highest in-
creases were observed for Fe (135%) and Zn (123%), followed by Pb (69%), Co (58%), Cu (42%), Cr (31%), and Al
(30%), and the lowest increase was observed for Ni (19%). In most cases, the increases in Cu, Fe, and Zn were in-
versely proportional to the conductivity and directly proportional to the Cl− concentration. In the outdoor samples, only
Fe exceeded the US-EPA guideline (in 3% of the outdoor samples taken), whereas Fe, Pb, and Ni exceeded
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