dissociation between active and observational learning from positive and negative feedback in parkinsonism离解之间积极和观察学习震颤麻痹的正面和负面的反馈.pdfVIP

Dissociation between Active and Observational Learning from Positive and Negative Feedback in Parkinsonism 1 2,3 2,3 3 ¨ 2,3. Stefan Kobza *, Stefano Ferrea , Alfons Schnitzler , Bettina Pollok , Martin Sudmeyer , Christian Bellebaum1. 1 Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany, 2 Department of Neurology, ¨ ¨ Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany, 3 Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany Abstract Feedback to both actively performed and observed behaviour allows adaptation of future actions. Positive feedback leads to increased activity of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, whereas dopamine neuron activity is decreased following negative feedback. Dopamine level reduction in unmedicated Parkinson’s Disease patients has been shown to lead to a negative learning bias, i.e. enhanced learning from negative feedback. Recent findings suggest that the neural mechanisms of active and observational learning from feedback might differ, with the striatum playing a less prominent role in observational learning. Therefore, it was hypothesized that unmedicated Parkinson’s Disease patients would show a negative learning bias only in active but not in observational learning. In a between-group design, 19 Parkinson’s Disease patients and 40 healthy controls engaged in either an active or