retroviral elements and their hosts insertional mutagenesis in the mouse germ line逆转录病毒的元素和宿主插入突变小鼠种系.pdfVIP

Review Retroviral Elements and Their Hosts: Insertional Mutagenesis in the Mouse Germ Line Irina A. Maksakova, Mark T. Romanish, Liane Gagnier, Catherine A. Dunn, Louie N. van de Lagemaat, Dixie L. Mager* ABSTRACT important to understand the mutagenic events affecting this species and how they differ from those in humans. This he inbred mouse is an invaluable model for human article examines mouse ERVs and other LTR retroelements, Tbiology and disease. Nevertheless, when considering focusing on insertional mutagenesis of the germ line. For the genetic mechanisms of variation and disease, it is purposes of this review, LTR retroelements, which amplify via important to appreciate the significant differences in the intracellular retrotransposition, and true exogenous spectra of spontaneous mutations that distinguish these retroviruses, which amplify by extracellular infections and species. While insertions of transposable elements are retrotransposition, will be considered together as ‘‘ERVs’’ as responsible for only ;0.1% of de novo mutations in humans, they have a common evolutionary origin [13]. We discuss the figure is 100-fold higher in the laboratory mouse. This mutational mechanisms of different families of ERVs, striking difference is largely due to the ongoing activity of illustrating significant differences in their effects on genes. mouse endogenous retroviral elements. Here we briefly We also discuss host responses to curtail ERV activity and, in review mouse endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and their some cases, to adopt ERVs for normal cell functions. Fina