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nanotribology of symmetric and asymmetric liquid lubricantsnanotribology对称和非对称的液体润滑剂
Symmetry 2010, 2, 320-345; doi:10.3390/sym2010320
OPEN ACCESS
symmetry
ISSN 2073-8994
/journal/symmetry
Review
Nanotribology of Symmetric and Asymmetric Liquid
Lubricants
Shinji Yamada
Tokyo Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3 Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan;
Tel. +81 3 5630 9516; Fax: +81 3 5630 9330; E-Mail: yamada.s@kao.co.jp
Received: 15 December 2009; in revised form: 8 February 2010 / Accepted: 20 February 2010 /
Published: 15 March 2010
Abstract: When liquid molecules are confined in a narrow gap between smooth surfaces,
their dynamic properties are completely different from those of the bulk. The molecular
motions are highly restricted and the system exhibits solid-like responses when sheared
slowly. This solidification behavior is very dependent on the molecular geometry (shape) of
liquids because the solidification is induced by the packing of molecules into ordered
structures in confinement. This paper reviews the measurements of confined structures and
friction of symmetric and asymmetric liquid lubricants using the surface forces apparatus.
The results show subtle and complex friction mechanisms at the molecular scale.
Keywords: nanotribology; friction; surface forces apparatus; confined liquids; lubricants;
stick-slip; stiction; confinement-induced phase transitions
Classification: PACS 68.15.+e, 81.40.Pq
1. Introduction
Tribological properties of the molecularly thin films of a liquid lubricant confined between
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