nonclassical vitamin d actions模维生素d的行为.pdfVIP

Nutrients 2010, 2, 408-425; doi:10.3390/nu2040408 OPEN ACCESS nutrients ISSN 2072-6643 /journal/nutrients Review Nonclassical Vitamin D Actions Armin Zittermann * and Jan F. Gummert Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; E-Mail: herzchirurgie@hdz-nrw.de * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: azittermann@hdz-nrw.de; Tel.: +49-5731-97-1912; Fax: +49-5731-97-2020. Received: 23 February 2010; in revised form: 17 March 2010 / Accepted: 22 March 2010 / Published: 25 March 2010 Abstract: It is becoming increasingly clear that vitamin D has a broad range of actions in the human body. Besides its well-known effects on calcium/phosphate homeostasis, vitamin D influences muscle function, cardiovascular homeostasis, nervous function, and the immune response. Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency has been associated with muscle weakness and a high incidence of various chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 and 2 diabetes. Most importantly, low vitamin D status has been found to be an independent predictor of all-cause mortality. Several recent randomized controlled trials support the assumption that vitamin D can improve muscle strength, glucose homeostasis, and cardiovascular risk markers. In addition, vitamin D may reduce cancer incidence and elevated blood pressure. S