non-retroviral fossils in vertebrate genomes在脊椎动物基因组non-retroviral化石.pdfVIP

Viruses 2011, 3, 1836-1848; doi:10.3390/v3101836 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 /journal/viruses Review Non-Retroviral Fossils in Vertebrate Genomes Masayuki Horie * and Keizo Tomonaga Laboratory of Human Tumor Viruses, Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; E-Mail: tomonaga@virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: mhorie@virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp; Tel.: +81-75-751-4034; Fax: +81-75-751-4000. Received: 3 August 2011; in revised form: 22 September 2011 / Accepted: 27 September 2011 / Published: 10 October 2011 Abstract: Although no physical fossils of viruses have been found, retroviruses are known to leave their molecular fossils in the genomes of their hosts, the so-called endogenous retroviral elements. These have provided us with important information about retroviruses in the past and their co-evolution with their hosts. On the other hand, because non-retroviral viruses were considered not to leave such fossils, even the existence of prehistoric non-retroviral viruses has been enigmatic. Recently, we discovered that elements derived from ancient bornaviruses, non-segmented, negative strand RNA viruses, are found in the genomes of several mammalian species, including humans. In addition, at approximately the same time, several endogenous elements of RNA viruses, DNA viruses and reverse-transcribi