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ochratoxin a general overview and actual molecular status赭曲霉毒素a总体概述和实际分子状态
Toxins 2010, 2, 461-493; doi:10.3390/toxins2040461
OPEN ACCESS
toxins
ISSN 2072-6651
/journal/toxins
Review
Ochratoxin A: General Overview and Actual Molecular Status
André el Khoury 1 and Ali Atoui 2,*
1 Centre d’analyses et de recherches, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beyrouth,
Lebanon
2 Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission-CNRS, P.O. Box 11-8281, Riad El Solh, 1107 2260 Beirut,
Lebanon
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: a.atoui@.lb;
Tel.: 00961 (1) 450 811; Fax: 00961 (1) 450 810.
Received: 24 January 2010; in revised form: 5 March 2010 / Accepted: 8 March 2010 /
Published: 29 March 2010
Abstract: Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus
and Penicillium fungi that structurally consists of a para-chlorophenolic group containing a
dihydroisocoumarin moiety that is amide-linked to L-phenylalanine. OTA is detected
worldwide in various food and feed sources. Studies show that this molecule can have
several toxicological effects such as nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, teratogenic and
immunotoxic. A role in the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy and its association to
urinary tract tumors has been also proved. In this review, we will explore the general
aspect of OTA: physico-chemical properties, toxicological profile, OTA producing fungi,
contaminated food, regulation, legislation and analytical methods. Due to lack of sufficient
informat
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