poxvirus cell entry how many proteins does it take痘病毒细胞输入需要多少蛋白质.pdfVIP

Viruses 2012, 4, 688-707; doi:10.3390/v4050688 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 /journal/viruses Review Poxvirus Cell Entry: How Many Proteins Does it Take? Bernard Moss Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; E-Mail: bmoss@; Tel.: +1-301-496-9869; Fax: +1-301-480-1535 Received: 10 April 2012; in revised form: 21 April 2012 / Accepted: 23 April 2012 / Published: 27 April 2012 Abstract: For many viruses, one or two proteins enable cell binding, membrane fusion and entry. The large number of proteins employed by poxviruses is unprecedented and may be related to their ability to infect a wide range of cells. There are two main infectious forms of vaccinia virus, the prototype poxvirus: the mature virion (MV), which has a single membrane, and the extracellular enveloped virion (EV), which has an additional outer membrane that is disrupted prior to fusion. Four viral proteins associated with the MV membrane facilitate attachment by binding to glycosaminoglycans or laminin on the cell surface, whereas EV attachment proteins have not yet been identified. Entry can occur at the plasma membrane or in acidified endosomes following macropinocytosis and involves actin dynamics and cell signaling. Regardless of the pathway or whether the MV or EV mediates infection, fusion is dependent on 11 to 12 non-glycosylated, transmembran