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visualizing rank deficient models a row equation geometry of rank deficient matrices and constrained-regression可视化等级不足模型连续方程几何级别矩阵和constrained-regression不足.pdf

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visualizing rank deficient models a row equation geometry of rank deficient matrices and constrained-regression可视化等级不足模型连续方程几何级别矩阵和constrained-regression不足

Visualizing Rank Deficient Models: A Row Equation Geometry of Rank Deficient Matrices and Constrained- Regression Robert M. O’Brien* Department of Sociology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America Abstract Situations often arise in which the matrix of independent variables is not of full column rank. That is, there are one or more linear dependencies among the independent variables. This paper covers in detail the situation in which the rank is one less than full column rank and extends this coverage to include cases of even greater rank deficiency. The emphasis is on the row geometry of the solutions based on the normal equations. The author shows geometrically how constrained- regression/generalized-inverses work in this situation to provide a solution in the face of rank deficiency. Citation: O’Brien RM (2012) Visualizing Rank Deficient Models: A Row Equation Geometry of Rank Deficient Matrices and Constrained-Regression. PLoS ONE 7(6): e38923. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038923 Editor: Frank Emmert-Streib, Queen’s University Belfast, United Kingdom Received December 8, 2011; Accepted May 15, 2012; Published June 19, 2012 Copyright: 2012 O’Brien. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: The author has no support or funding to report. Competing Interests: The author has declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: bobrien@ Introduction independent variables in the model. These sorts of dependencies can occur naturally in the course of research. Four