胡壮麟语言学概论复习要点.docVIP

语言学概论复习要点 一． 定义 1 language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication 2 define features Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 3 Synchronic vs. diachronic A synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history and focuses on the differences in two or more than two states of language over decades or centuries. 4 Langue parole Langue is the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community Parole is particular realizations of langue 5 Competence and performance An ideal language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules in his language is called his linguistic competence. Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations, that is, the infinite varied individual acts of verbal behavior with irregularities, inconsistencies, and errors. 6 descriptive and prescriptive 7 phonetic transcription A phonetic transcription is an economical means for capturing sounds on paper. When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called a broad transcription. The use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as a narrow transcription. 8 phoneme Phoneme is a unit of explicit sound contrast. If two sounds in a language make a contrast between two different words, they are said to be different phonemes. phoneme is the minimum phonemic unit that is not further analyzable into smaller units. 9 allophones [p, ph] are two different phones (音子) and are variants of the phoneme /p/. Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. (Phonetic similarity, complementary distribution) 10 assimilation assimilation, a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring so