分子生物学英文讲义.ppt

* 1.1.4 分子生物学的概念 * * * Outline format * Outline format * Outline format * Outline format * Outline format * 1.1.3 * Structural differences Two columns labelled prokaryotes and eukaryotes * Chromosomal diffecernces Two labelled columns Succinct in descriptioon 90% encodes proteins Many repeats of noncoding sequences Delete weights * * 细胞骨架（cytoskeleton）是指真核细胞中的蛋白纤维网络结构。发现较晚，主要是因为一般电镜制样采用低温（0-4℃）固定，而细胞骨架会在低温下解聚。直到20世纪60年代后，采用戊二醛常温固定，才逐渐认识到细胞骨架的客观存在。 Microbodies Lysosomes (溶酶体)：含有能降解蛋白质、核酸、脂类和糖类的消化酶，是进入细胞体内的胞外大分子以及来自损伤细胞器的大分子的“回收中心” Peroxisomes (过氧化物酶体)：限制一些产生高活性自由基以及氢过氧化物的代谢反应的场所，以防止这些分子损伤细胞组分 Glyxysomes (乙醛酸循环体)：是特定的植物过氧化物酶体，进行乙醛酸循环 Organelle isolation 离心技术：沉降系数不同通过差速离心分离 nucleimitochondria other 密度梯度离心 用于亚细胞器的纯化和生物大分子提取 A3 Macromolecules Proteins and nucleic acids (蛋白质和核酸) Polysaccharids (多糖) Lipids (脂类) Complex macromolecules (复杂大分子) Protein Nuclear acid 蛋白质 是由氨基酸以肽键共价结合而成的聚合体 具有结构和功能双重作用 核酸 DNA和RNA，均是核苷酸的聚合体 核苷酸由含氮碱基、五碳糖和磷酸组成 核酸参与遗传信息的贮存和加工，但信息的表达则需要蛋白质的参与 都是储存和表达遗传信息的必需组分 * Proteins Proteins are the most structurally and functionally diverse group of biomolecules. They also make up the majority of the dry weight of all living cells. Proteins are used as motors, structural elements, enzymes, receptors, channels through membranes, intra-cellular transporters, regulatory switches, and much more. * Molecular structure Proteins are polymers - chains of smaller molecular units called Amino Acids. A protein is a chain of different amino acids. C C R N C C R N C C R N * Amino Acids There are 20 kinds of amino acids. How DNA/RNA are translated to protein? A three base sequence in DNA or RNA is known as a codon (genetic code). Each codon corresponds to one amino acid. Amino Acids and Proteins 3D structure of protein Dimeric protein binding DNA * Nucleotide Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA. DNA has 4 different types of nucleotides: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) and Thymidine (T) * D