航海员手册英文版第二章节选.doc

2.1 General information The mariner should always use the largest scale chart appropriate for his purpose.In closing the land or dangerous banks, regard must always be had to the scale of the chart used. A small error in laying down a position may mean only a few metres on a large scale chart, whereas on a small scale the same amount of displacement on the paper may mean several cables.For the same reason bearings to near objects should be used in preference to objects farther off,although the latter may be more prominent, as a small error in bearing or in laying it down on the chart has a greater effect in misplacing the position the longer the line to be drawn. 2.2 Scale The larger the scale of the chart, the greater the detail that can be shown on it.Each Admiralty chart, or series of charts, is designed for a particular purpose. Large scale charts are intended to be used for entering harbours or anchorages or for passing close to navigational hazards. Medium scale charts are usually published as series of charts intended for navigation along coasts,while small scale charts are intended for offshore navigation and passage planning. The mariner using the medium scale charts for passage along a coast need not transfer on to a largescale for short distances, except where this depicts more clearly intricate navigational hazards close to his intended route. Although the larger scale chart depicts information in more detail, those on the next smaller scale show adequately all the dangers, traffic separation schemes, aids to navigation, etc, that are necessary for the purpose for which the chart is designed. The principle followed in planning Admiralty charts of foreign coasts is that they should be on a scale adequate for coastal navigation or to give access to the major trading ports: this principle is generally adopted by other Hydrographic Offices which chart areas outside their own waters. In some parts of the world, charts on a larger scale than those of the Adm