现代西方哲学09.ppt

第九章 现象学（胡塞尔）;Edmund Husserl (April 8, 1859– April 26, 1938 Germany) was a philosopher and mathematician and the founder of the 20th century philosophical school of phenomenology. Although born into a Jewish family, Husserl was baptized as a Lutheran in 1886. He studied mathematics under Karl Weierstrass and Leo K?nigsberger, and philosophy under Franz Brentano and Carl Stumpf. Husserl himself taught philosophy as a Privatdozent（无俸讲师） at Halle from 1887, then as professor, first at G?ttingen from 1901, then at Freiburg from 1916 until he retired in 1928. Thereafter he gave two notable lectures: at Paris in 1929, and at Prague in 1935. The notorious 1933 race laws of the Nazi regime took away his academic standing and privileges. Following an illness, he died at Freiburg in 1938.;Martin Heidegger ;Phenomenology 现象学;Phenomenology movement;Husserl phenomenology;自我意识/休谟的挑战;自身意识/ self-consciousness;现象学方法;Allegory of the Cave;Phenomenology, in Husserls conception, is primarily concerned with the systematic reflection on and study of the structures of consciousness, and the phenomena that appear in acts of consciousness. This Phenomenological Ontology, or understanding of being, can be clearly differentiated from the Cartesian method of analysis which sees the world as objects, sets of objects, and objects acting and reacting upon one an other. The antithetical nature of Phenomenology to the Cartesian World-view makes Phenomenology an analog to mystical non-theistic religion, such as Buddhism. ;八识心王;Stuart Sutherland (1989). Consciousness. Macmillan Dictionary of Psychology. Macmillan. ;Representation of consciousness from the seventeenth century. ;Problems in philosophy ;altered states of consciousness（ASC） ;研究意识问题的历史;容易的问题／易于研究的问题;困难的问题／难以研究的问题;;;尼泊尔灵修少年