cos-2009-4章节.pptVIP

2). The Cosmological Principle (CP)[宇宙学原理] how the matter[物质] in the universe was distributed（分布） After the introduction of General Relativity a number of scientists, including Einstein, tried to apply the new gravitational dynamics（引力动力学） to the universe as a whole. At the time this required an assumption about how the matter in the universe was distributed（分布）. The simplest assumption to make is that the universe appear roughly the same everywhere and in every direction. Test of This assumption [1] This assumption is being tested continuously as we actually observe the distribution of galaxies on ever larger scales. 观测到的真实的宇宙:2-degree Field Survey (250,000 galaxies, 2001) CMB test [2] The accompanying picture shows how uniform the distribution of measured galaxies is over a 30°swath of the sky. In addition the cosmic microwave background Radiation（宇宙微波背景辐射）, the remnant heat（余热） from the Big Bang, has a temperature which is highly uniform（均匀）Over the entire sky. WMAP卫星观测结果宇宙在30万年时的全天景象 Observational tests(观测试验) of the Big Bang theory 大爆炸宇宙学理论有三个观测基础： 1）. 星系红移为基础的哈勃膨胀； 2）. 宇宙微波背景的观测； 3）. 轻物质丰度（Big Bang nucleosynthesis）[BBN] These three measurable signatures strongly support the notion that the our universe evolved from a dense(密度), nearly featureless hot gas(热气), just as the Big Bang model predicts. 4）. 宇宙大尺度结构相关函数的观测符合标准大爆炸理论。 1). The expansion(膨胀) of the universe Edwin Hubble(哈勃)‘s 1929 observation that galaxies were generally receding(退行) from us provided the first clue[第一个] that the Big Bang theory might be right. The Big Bang model was a natural outcome of Einstein‘s General Relativity as applied to a homogeneous(均匀) universe. Hubble law However, in 1917, the idea that the universe was expanding was thought to be absurd. So Einstein invented the cosmological constant (宇宙学常数)as a term(因子) in his General Relativity theory that allowed for a static(静态) universe. In 1929, Edwin Hubble found Hubble law. 2). The abundance(丰度) of the