加拿大压裂地质设计.ppt

6/10/99 OPTIMUS International Technologies Inc. Using Geology to Improve Hydraulic Fracture Design Reasons to Frac a Well Stimulation - tight to moderate perm - now high perm zones By-pass Damage  - both tight and high perm - deep damage/acid sensitive Stratification - interconnect to improve recovery Control formation sand production - frac-packs vs. gravel packs Reasons to Frac a Well (continued) Reduce Non-Darcy Flow  - use larger proppant (tail-in) Lower abandonment pressure - reduce wellbore pressure drop Alter flow patterns - increase drainage radius Increase Cashflow  - reduce pay-back the period What is Hydraulic Fracturing? Basically violation of Darcy’s EquationQinj kA(DP)/mLOnce the injection rate is greater then the formation can accept - separation occurs. What controls the Separation? Rock Properties of the zone Rock Properties of the boundary layers Injected fluid properties Injection dynamics Modeling the Separation 2-D ModelsPKNGDKRadial Selection should be based upon boundary conditions Predicted Response vs. Model 3-D Models have come of Age 3-D Models require more rock data including Mechanical Properties which are based upon lithology Porosity/perm Dilation potential How Can Rock Lithology and Stress Effect Fracture Growth? Steps in Frac Design Geometry / Model SelectionBased upon stress profiles, deformation zones, potential dilation, moduli, tectonics Fluid Selection - mineralogy, desired geometry, perm-leakoff, cleanup Production Forecast - keff, skin, reservoir shape, stratification , pressure Design Optimization - Lf, Wf, proppant, $, etc. Fracture Size Containment Reservoir Size / Shape Oil-Gas-Water Contacts *Permeability (secondary f) Well Spacing Economics The Earth Sciences and Frac Design Permeability - anisotropy