生物化学原理教学（杨荣武）Chapter8 Introduction to enzymology.pptVIP

All enzymes are proteins except some RNAs and not all proteins are enzymes It was assumed that all enzymes are proteins until 1982 when Thomas Cech and Sydney Altman discovered catalytic RNAs (Nobel prize in Chemistry, 1989) Catalytic RNA, or ribozymes, satisfy several enzymatic criteria: substrate specificity, enhance reaction rate, and emerge from reaction unchanged This widely-used model to explain the stereo-specificity of enzymes was suggested by A. G. Ogston. To get a high degree of stereo-specificity, substrate must be held firmly in three dimensional space. As a consequence, there must be at least three different points of attachment of the substrate onto the active site. Coenzyme = small organic or inorganic molecules which are bound to the apoenzyme and are required for the enzyme to catalyze the chemical reaction. Prosthetic group = similar to a coenzyme, but is tightly bound to the apoenzyme. Heme is a prosthetic group in cytochrome c and hemoglobin. Apoenzyme = the protein part of an enzyme without coenzymes or prosthetic groups that are required for the enzyme to have activity. Holoenzyme = the apoenzyme with the coenzyme or prosthetic group bound to it . * Induced conformational change in hexokinase An Example: Three-point attachment model aconitase An Example - Aconitase 5. Greater capacity for regulation 6. Enzyme catalyzed reactions are optimized for specific values of temperature and pH General Properties of Enzymes 7. Some Enzymes Require Cofactors General Properties of Enzymes Some definitions related to cofactors Understanding how enzymes work is crucial for understanding both the physiological basis of most diseases and the mechanism of action of drugs used to treat these diseases Why study enzymes? Serum enzymes are commonly used in diagnostic tests for a variety of diseases Myocardial Infarction: Lactate dehydrogenase (H4 isozyme), Aspartate aminotransferase, Creatine kinase Viral hepatitis: Alanine aminotransferase Acute pancreatiti