生物化学原理教学（杨荣武）Chapter15 Carbohydrates.pptVIP

Outline Carbohydrate Nomenclature Monosaccharides Oligosaccharides Polysaccharides Carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon Monosaccharides (simple sugars) cannot be broken down into simpler sugars under mild conditions Oligo = a few - usually 2 to 10 Polysaccharides are polymers of the simple sugars An organic chemistry review Aldoses and ketoses contain aldehyde and ketone functions, respectively Triose, tetrose, etc. denotes number of carbons Aldoses with 3C or more and ketoses with 4C or more are chiral Review Fischer projections and D,L system D,L designation refers to the configuration of the highest-numbered asymmetric center D,L only refers the stereocenter of interest back to D- and L-glyceraldehyde! D,L do not specify the sign of rotation of plane-polarized light! D-sugars predominate in nature Know these definitions Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other are enantiomers Pairs of isomers that have opposite configurations at one or more chiral centers but are NOT mirror images are diastereomers Two sugars that differ in configuration at only one chiral center are epimers Epimers are two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom of their structures. D-Mannose differs from D-glucose only in its configuration around carbon 2. D-Galactose differs from D-glucose only in its configuration around carbon 4. D-Galactose and D-Mannose are not epimers. Glucose Glucose is the standard six-carbon sugar Galactose Galactose is an epimer of glucose Mannose Mannose is an epimer of glucose Ribose Ribose is the standard five-carbon sugar Arabinose Arabinose is an epimer of ribose Xylose Xylose is an epimer of ribose Fructose Fructose is the ketose form of glucose Cyclic monsaccharide structures anomeric forms Glucose (an aldose) can cyclize to form a cyclic hemiacetal Fructose (a ketose) can cyclize to form a cyclic hemiketal Cyclic form of glucose is a pyranose Cyclic form of fructose is a furanose Cyclic forms posses