AP化学thermochemistry .pptVIP

? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy Energy is the ability to do work or transfer heat. Energy used to cause an object that has mass to move is called work. Energy used to cause the temperature of an object to rise is called heat. Kinetic Energy Kinetic energy is energy an object possesses by virtue of its motion: Potential Energy Potential energy is energy an object possesses by virtue of its position or chemical composition. The most important form of potential energy in molecules is electrostatic potential energy, Eel: Units of Energy The SI unit of energy is the joule (J): An older, non-SI unit is still in widespread use: the calorie (cal): 1 cal = 4.184 J Definitions: System and Surroundings The system includes the molecules we want to study (here, the hydrogen and oxygen molecules). The surroundings are everything else (here, the cylinder and piston). Definitions: Work Energy used to move an object over some distance is work: w = F ? d where w is work, F is the force, and d is the distance over which the force is exerted. Heat Energy can also be transferred as heat. Heat flows from warmer objects to cooler objects. Conversion of Energy Energy can be converted from one type to another. For example, the cyclist in Figure 5.2 has potential energy as she sits on top of the hill. Conversion of Energy As she coasts down the hill, her potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. At the bottom, all the potential energy she had at the top of the hill is now kinetic energy. First Law of Thermodynamics Energy is neither created nor destroyed. In other words, the total energy of the universe is a constant; if the system loses energy, it must be gained by the surroundings, and vice versa. Internal Energy The internal energy of a system is the sum of all kinetic and potential energies of all components of the system; we call it E. Internal Energy By definition, the change in internal energy, ?E, is the final energy of the system minus the initial energy of the