新编简明英语语言学教程：2015-6-15-Chapter_3_Morphology_handout_and_exercises_for_students.docVIP

Chapter 3 Morphology 3.1 Morphology 3.1.1 definition: The study of the processes by which morphemes combine to form words. 3.1.2 Two word categories Open classes 开放项列: New words can be added to these classes. They are all content words/ lexical words. (n. v. adj. adv.) Closed classes 封闭项列 New words are not usually added to them. They are function words/ structural words (. prep. conj. article). Pronouns are also closed class words, but not function words. 3.2 Morphemes—the minimal units of meaning Morpheme（语素）: A morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning. A morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit. free morphemes (自由语素): morphemes which can stand alone as words. bound morphemes(粘着语素): morphemes which cannot occur on their own as separate words. bound morphemes are called affixes, including the prefixes, suffixes and infixes. prefixes: 前缀: morphemes occur only before other morphemes. suffixes: 后缀: morphemes occur only after other morphemes. infixes: 中缀A bound morpheme that is inserted in the middle of another morpheme. 3.3 derivational morphemes衍生语素 inflectional morphemes屈折语素 derivational morphemes: some morphemes derive (create ) new words by either changing the meaning or the part of speech or both. inflectional morphemes: morphemes are attached to words or morphemes, but they never change their syntactic category or add any lexical meaning. They are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on . Morphs（语素形式） and allomorphs（语素变体） Morphs as the actual forms used to realize morphemes. Allomorphs: Concretely realized variant of a morpheme. 3.4 English word formation The major process of English word-formation are: derivation, compounding and conversion. The other ways are minor process. 3.4.1 Derivation 衍生，派生 Derivation, also called affixation（词缀法）, refers to the process by which a new word is created by adding affixes, prefixes or suffixes, to the base. 3.4.2 Compounds 复合词 compound words: words are fo