《离散数学》杨争锋ch2-1.ppt

§2.1 Sets Introduction Definition 1 A set is an unordered collection of objects. (2) Definition 2 The objects in a set are also called the elements or members, of the set. A set is said to contain its elements (3) How to describe a set? The first way listing all the members of a set Examples (page 112) (a) The set V of all vowels (元音字母) in the English alphabet V={a, e, i, o, u} (b) The set of odd positive integers less than 10 O={1, 3, 5, 7, 9} (c) A set can contain some unrelated elements {a, 2, Fred, New Jersey} (d) The set of positive integers less than 100 {1, 2, 3, ……, 99} (e) Some important sets (page 112) N, Z, Z+, Q, R (4) The equation of two sets Definition 3 (page 113) Two sets are equal if and only if they have the same elements. Example 6 (page 113) {1, 3, 5} = {3, 5, 1} = {1, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5} (5) How to describe a set? The second way Using set builder notation Example: the set of all odd positive integers less than 10 O={x | x is an odd positive integer less than 10} (6) Venn diagram(文氏图） Universal set U (全集)containing all the objects under consideration Example: Venn diagram for the set of vowels (page 113~114) Solution: See blackboard. (7) Empty set { } or ? How about { ? }? (8) Subset Definition 4 (page 114) The set A is said to be a subset of B if and only if every element of A is a also an element of B. We use the notation ? to indicate that A is a subset of the set B. A ?B iff ?x (x∈A→ x∈B ) Example8(Page 115) The set of all odd positive integers less than 10 is a subset of the set of all positive integers less than 10, the set of rational numbers is a set of the set of real numbers, the set of all computer science majors at your school is a subset of the set of all students at your school the set of all people in China is a subset of all people in China. (9) Theore