语法专题七 虚拟语气.pdfVIP

虚拟语气 虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一 种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中) ；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、 命令、建议等 (在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句) 。 1. 条件句中的虚拟语气 从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能 获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。 时间 if 句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式 将来情况 动词过去式 (be 用were) would / should / might / could + 动词原 should + 动词原形 were to + 动词原形 形 现在情况 动词过去式 (be 用 were) would / should / might / could + 动词原 形 过去情况 had + 动词过去分词 would / should / might / could + have + 动词过去分词 e.g. If he were to come here, he would tell us about it. (将来) If he were free, he would help us. (现在) If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. (过去) ☆谓语动词若是系动词 be 时，be 常用were，但如果当从句的主语为第三人称单数，可用 was 代替were。但在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you, as it were 中，只能用were。 e.g. Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. If I were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance. ☆在虚拟条件句中，如果主、从句的动作不是同时发生，一定要区别对待。 ① 句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现 在就不会来这里了。 ② 句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。 If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beij ing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已 经派他去北京了。 句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。 If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下 太多的雨的话，庄家会长得更好。 ☆当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had 时，if 可省略，而将were, should, had 等 词置于句首。 Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答 去的话，我们就派他去。 Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些电脑知识的话， 我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了。 ☆如果句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，则需要通过上下文或其他方式来判断。(P.82 含 蓄条件句)