十九世纪影响汉语汉字观的三大西方理论探析.docVIP

十九世纪影响汉语汉字观的三大西方理 论探析 文贵良 华东师范大学中国现代思想文化研宄所华东师范大 学中文系 从十九世纪后期开始，一种带着西方胎记的汉字汉语观被传入中国，这种观念 的内容主要有:在拼音文字与象形文字的区分中，汉字属于象形文字，而象形文 字处在文字发展的最初阶段，所以汉字处在文字发展的最初阶段;在语言类型的 区分屮，汉语属于孤立语，属于单音节的语言，因缺乏屈折形式，在表达人类 情感与思想的方而，远远比不上屈折语。简言之，汉字汉语属于落后的、野蛮的 文字语言。形成这种汉字汉语观的学术理论主耍有：黑格尔提出的历史进步论， 认为东方文明尤其是中国文明处在人类文明的幼年阶段；以洪堡特和马克斯?缪 勒为代表的语言类型学，把汉语归入孤立语，而孤立语处在人类语言发展的最 初阶段；以达尔文和施莱歇尔为代表的语言进化论，认为语言是一种有机体，适 者生存。不过，到了 20世纪，西方的著名学者如雅斯贝尔斯、萨丕尔、罗宾斯 等对此进行了批判。 关键词： 汉语汉字观;十九世纪;历史进步论;语言类型学;语言进化论; 基金：国家社科基金重人项0 “文学视野中中国近现代吋期汉语发展的资料整理 与研宂” (16ZDA185)的阶段性成果 Three Main Western Theories Influencing Perspective of Chinese Language and Characters in the 19th Century WEN Guiliang Modern Chinese Thought and Culture Research Institute, Chinese Language and Literature Department， East China Normal University; Abstract： A perspective of Chinese characters and Chinese language with western influence was introduced to China in the latel9 thcentury. It mainly includes the points as followed: first， Chinese characters are pictographic writing, which is primitive compared with alphabetic writing in the development of characters. Second, Chinese language is no match for inflectional language in terms of conveying human emotions and thoughts because it is an isolating language with monosyllables which lacks inflections. In a word, Chinese characters and Chinese language arc barbaric. These perspectives originate from historical evolution theory put forward by Hegel, which treats eastern culture, especially Chinese culture as the infancy of human civilization;1inguistic typology theory by Wilhelm von Humboldt and Max Muller, which categorizes Chinese language into isolating languages that arc primitive in the development of human languages;linguistic evolution theory by Charles Darwin and August Schleicher, which concerns Chinese language as an organic form conforming to the rule of survival of the fittest. However, in the 20 th century, these perspectives have been criticized by famous western scholars such as Karl jaspers, Edwa