[英语学习]Chapter 2 Speech sounds Phonetics.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Speech soundsPart 1 Phonetics Lecture Overview What is phonetics? Speech Organs Consonants and vowels Consonants Vowels Some other related concepts 1. What is phonetics? The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is phonetics. It is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. Phonetics looks at speech sounds from three distinct but related points of view: articulatory phonetics （发音语音学） auditory phonetics （听觉语音学） acoustic phonetics （声学语音学） 2. The organs of speech (发音器官) 2. The organs of speech (发音器官) 2.1 The initiator of the air-stream lungs 2.2 The vocal cords/vocal folds (声带) Inside the larynx (喉腔) p.26 声带 vocal cord，vocal band； 又称声壁，发声器官的主要组成部分。位于喉腔中部，由声带肌、声带韧带和粘膜三部分组成，左右对称。声带的固有膜是致密结缔组织，在皱襞的边缘有强韧的弹性纤维和横纹肌，弹性大。两声带间的矢状裂隙为声门裂。 发声时，两侧声带拉紧、声门裂缩小、甚至关闭，从气管和肺冲出的气流不断冲击声带，引起振动而发声，在喉内肌肉协调作用的支配下，使声门裂受到有规律性的控制。故声带的长短、松紧和声门裂的大小，均能影响声调高低。成年男子声带长而宽，女子声带短而狭，所以女子比男子声调高。青少年14岁开始变音，一般要持续半年左右。 p. 27 Voiceless Sounds – vocal cords are open f, Voiced Sounds – vocal cords are closed v The glottal stop (喉塞音) – vocal cords are totally closed 2.3 The resonating cavities 共振腔）/vocal tract (声道) The pharynx cavity（咽腔） The nasal cavity （鼻腔） Oral cavity (口腔) 3. Consonants and vowels consonants --- an obstruction of the airstreams at some point of the vocal tract vowels ---no obstructions Semi-vowel/semi-consonant -- /w/, /j/ 4. Consonants  4.1 Classification of consonants 4.1.1 Voicing 4.1.2 Place of articulation 4.1.3 Manner of articulation 4.1.1 Voicing voiceless consonants voiced consonants p.35 4.1.2 Place of articulation The point where a consonant is made. Where are they produced. bilabial (双唇音) labiodental (唇齿音) dental (齿音) alveolar (齿龈音) palato-alveolar / postal veolar (后齿龈音) Retroflex (卷舌音) Palatal (腭音) Velar (软腭音) Pharyngeal (喉音) Uvular (小舌音) glottal (声门音) 4.1.3 Manner of articulation How ar