流行病-病因推断5-10班.ppt

* 病因推断标准的第一个里程碑，由Henle(1840)首先提出，Koch后来扩展形成的 The most famous criteria by which an agent is defined as the necessary cause of a disease are the Henle-Koch postulates. * A few statisticians and epidemiologists have advocated a counterfactual definition of causation. A counterfactual statement draws a contrast between one outcome given certain conditions and another outcome given alternative conditions. For example, “if an hour ago I had taken two aspirins instead of just a glass of water, my headache would now be gone.” Thus, Rubin defines the causal effect of treatment T, compared to absence of