纳米粒子大小效应的x-射线光电子能谱研究：1物理基础.ppt

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of Nanoparticles (NPs): I. Dimensional effects D.-Q.Yang* and E.Sacher Department of Engineering Physics école Polytechnique of Montréal Outline Introduction Nanoparticles (NPs) Size matters: surface of NPs Size-dependent properties XPS Basic principle Information depth Surface composition and chemistry Depth profiling New challenges of XPS in nanostructures Ideal nanostructured surface patterns Possible nanostructured surface patterns Challenges issues Photoelectron peak shape of thin layer materials Photoelectron emission from nanoparticles Size dependent electronic states of nanoparticles Photoelectron emission intensity in NPs Dimensional estimation of nanoparticles Angle-resolved XPS of nanoparticles Issues Monte Carlo simulation model Simulation results Binding energy and related shift of core level Binding energy shift Valence band spectra Auger parameters Wagner plots Initial- and final-states effects Conclusions and future work 1. Introduction Nanoparticles A nanoparticle is a microscopic particle whose size is measured in nanometres (nm). It is defined as a particle with at least one dimension 100nm. Nanoparticles made of semiconducting material may also be labeled quantum dots if they are small enough (typically sub 10nm) that quantization of electronic energy levels occurs. Nanoparticles are of great scientific interest as they are effectively a bridge between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures. A bulk material should have constant physical properties regardless of its size, but at the nano-scale this is often not the case. Size-dependent properties are observed such as quantum confinement in semiconductor particles, surface plasmon resonance in some metal particles and superparamagnetism in magnetic materials. Semi-solid and soft nanoparticles have been manufactured. A prototype nanoparticle of semi-solid nature is the liposome nanoparticles have already been used for commercial purpose