英美概况 名词解释_简答_论述 .docVIP

英美概况 （名词解释+简答+论述） 名词解释 1. The Watergate Scandal The Watergate Scandal refers to the arrest of people breaking into Democratic National Committee offices who worked for the re-election of Nixon and the cover-up afterwards with the support of Nixon. It led to the resignation of Nixon. 2. The British Commonwealth The Commonwealth (of Nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation. 3. The White Australia Policy  The White Australia Policy refers to the Immigration restriction Act of 1901. Under the White Australia Policy, only white Europeans, especially British and Irish, were allowed to migrate to Australia. The migration of colored people such as Asians was restricted. 4. Checks and Balances In American political system, each of the three branches of the government--the legislative, the executive and the judicial--has part of the powers but not all the power. Each branch can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This is called checks and balances. 5. Federal System A federal system of government has two layers of rule: central or federal government for the whole country; state and local governments. Each layer of government has separate and distinct powers laid down in the Constitution. 6. Comprehensive High School It is a school that provides students with both academic and vocational education. 7. Research University Such a university offers a full range of programs leading to a BA degree and is committed to postgraduate education through the doctorate. It gives high priority to research and award doctoral degrees. 8. Monopoly Monopoly, economic situation in which only a single seller or producer supplies a commodity or a service. One or more of the follo