商务统计学课件第二章 出版社： 中国人民大学出版社.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Presenting Data in Tables and Charts Learning Objectives In this chapter you learn: To develop tables and charts for categorical data To develop tables and charts for numerical data The principles of properly presenting graphs Organizing and Presenting Data Graphically Data in raw form are usually not easy to use for decision making Some type of organization is needed Table Graph Techniques reviewed here: Bar charts and pie charts Pareto diagram Ordered array Stem-and-leaf display Frequency distributions, histograms and polygons Cumulative distributions and ogives Contingency tables Scatter diagrams Tables and Charts for Categorical Data The Summary Table Bar and Pie Charts Bar charts and Pie charts are often used for categorical data Height of bar or size of pie slice shows the frequency or percentage for each category Bar Chart Example Pie Chart Example Pareto Diagram Used to portray categorical data (nominal scale) A bar chart, where categories are shown in descending order of frequency A cumulative polygon is often shown in the same graph Used to separate the “vital few” from the “trivial many” Pareto Diagram Example Organizing Numerical Data The Ordered Array The Ordered Array Data in raw form (as collected): 24, 26, 24, 21, 27, 27, 30, 41, 32, 38 Data in ordered array from smallest to largest: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41 Stem-and-Leaf Diagram A simple way to see distribution details in a data set METHOD: Separate the sorted data series into leading digits (the stem) and the trailing digits (the leaves) Example Here, use the 10’s digit for the stem unit: Example Completed stem-and-leaf diagram: Using other stem units Using the 100’s digit as the stem: Round off the 10’s digit to form the leaves 613 would become 6 1 776 would become 7 8 . . . 1224 becomes 12 2 Using other stem units Using the 100’s digit as the stem: The co