语言学导导论武汉理工幻灯片.pptVIP

b) transformational rules (a) movement transformation AB→BA bring in the man bring the man in (b) deletion transformation AB →B you read the book read the book (c) insertion transformation A→AB two men were in the room there were men in the room (d) copying transformation A→AA he is right he is right, isn’t he? (d) passive transformation NP1+Aux+V+NP2 →NP2+Aux+be+en+V+by+NP1 John will finish the paper the paper will be finished by John. e —— e 3. Sense relations 1) Synonymy— Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are synonyms. 2) Antonymy— The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are antonyms. a) complementary antonyms—A pair of complementary antonyms is characterized by the feature that the assertion of one member of the pair implies the denial of the other. alive—dead； single—married; male—female； boy—girl b) gradable antonyms—Gradable antonyms are those which are gradable, because there are often intermediate forms between the pairs. hot warm cool cold c) converse antonyms— Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relational opposites. For example, if A is the husband of B, then B is the wife of A. So “husband” and “wife” are a pair of converse antonyms. husband—wife； father—son teacher—pupil； doctor—patient buy—sell； lend—borrow let—rent； above—below 3)Hyponymy—Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the