语言与文化.幻灯片.pptVIP

Summaries Definition the study of invisible meaning or how we recognize what is meant by the speaker Relations: invisible meaning.看不见得意义 context deixis 指示功能 reference引用 inference推理 anaphora前后照应 presupposition speech acts: direct indirect politness negative positive face My Critiques the field of human communication assumption association one thing to another Context is indispensible the meaning of words can not be isolated different contexts Politeness Lakoffs three discriptions of politeness Distance Deference Camaraderies Camaraderies the sign of great courtesy好意，礼貌 opennings no holding back A method of conveying messages e.g : Advertisements Brands Pepsi-Cola Lays (1937 Herman W. Lay Doolin) Pampers the theme of translation good translations make good images Questions 1. Can we define pragmatics as a strategy of using words? ( e.g the way we communicate with others) 2. Does the study of signs belong to the pragmatics? (e.g ads and brands ) 3. How about solving pragmatical problems in a psychological way? ( e.g assumption happens subconsciously) Variations of human language Pragmatic Coherence Speech communities Pragmatic Coherence Semantic Cohesion Pragmatic Coherence Same Contextualization Cues People from different cultural group Tone of voice participants roles Speech Communities Communities of language users What is speech community Consists of speech community Speech Communities are characterized by： Critiques Pragmatic Coherence breaks down in cross-cultural encounters Pragmatic Coherence breaks down among those with differen