语用学3MeaningandContext课件幻灯片.pptVIP

他认为意义不仅与环境密切相关，而且还渗透到社会的每个人的生活之中。所以，语言只能从环境中获得意义；语言是一种“行动方式”，一种“让受话人行动的手段”。环境变了，说话人的角色也会变，于是出现不同的语言变体。 Firth的语义理论是经验性的，即意义等于使用。在适当的场合，语言用的得体就是正确的。语义要在情景的不同的层次上研究。分析词要看它在句子中的位置；分析句子要看它出现的场合；分析场合要看它所处的文化。 要在各个层次上发现一定的规律并不容易，因此Firth提出了“典型语言环境”的思想 评价？？ 不过过分重视语言的环境也有一定问题。有些话并不与具体场合十分吻合，也不是一切有意义的句子都有可以预见的情景。此外，在他的典型语言环境中，说话人没有什么选择的余地。即使用他的“搭配”概念把语境限制到话语本身也难以在语言与语境之间建立绝对的对应关系。 5 Hymes的交际能力要素中的第三条尤其引起John Lyons的兴趣。 Lyons illustrates on the context when he comes to the discussion of the communicative appropriateness. He says a person who is able to judge the appropriateness of an utterance must possess certain knowledges. The knowledges constitute the context. Lyons listed 6 types of knowledge: (1) Each of the participants must know his role and status. (2) The participants must know where they are in space and time. (3) The participants must be able to categorize the situation in terms of its degree of formality. (4) The participants must know what medium is appropriate to the situation. (5) The participants must know how to make their utterances appropriate to the subject-matter and the importance of subject-matter as a determinant in the selection of one dialect or one language rather than another. (6) The participants must know how to make their utterance appropriate to the province or domain to which the situation belongs. (1) Linguistically relevant roles are of two kinds: deictic and social. Deictic roles derive from the fact that in normal language-behaviour the speaker addresses his utterance to another person ( for other persons) who are present in the situation and may refer to himself, to the addressees or to other persons and objects (whether they are in the situation or not), not by means of a name or description, but by means of a personal or demonstrative pronoun, whose reference is determined by the participation of the referent in the language-event, at the time of the utterance. Social roles are culture-specific functions, institutionalized in