语用学4SpeechAct-Austin课件幻灯片.pptVIP

Examples: I apologize. I’m sorry. I swear I love you. I love you. (Thomas, 1995: 48) Q. Are there differences between 1) and 2), 3) and 4)? If there are, what are they? A stylistic difference (e.g. in the degree of formality conveyed) or a difference in emphasis are implied. It is interesting to find that a speaker will first try an implicit performative and move onto an explicit performative only if the first attempt fails. (Thomas, 1995:48) e.g. King Arthur VS. anarcho-syndicalist peasant (Thomas, 1995:48) At the end of Chapter VI, Austin realizes that other more primitive devices such as mood, adverbs and adverbial phrases, connecting particles, accompaniments of the utterances and the circumstances of the utterance can be taken over by the explicit performative. Development of Austin’s ideas: Performatives are a special class of sentences with peculiar syntactic and pragmatic properties. There is a general class of performative utterances that includes both explicit performatives and implicit performatives. Questions for further discussion What’s the advantage of the original first person singular present indicative active form? What do you think of the ‘hereby’ formula? From the perspective of evolution of language, what is the relation between explicit and implicit performatives? How do you understand precision in language and explicitness? What then finally is left of the explicit performative formula? How are Austin and Chomsky connected? Locution, illocution, perlocution Austin observed that in saying something, the speaker is performing three kinds of speech acts simultaneously. In other words, he analyzed the action performed when an utterance is produced on three different levels. E.g. (at the lunch) A: I think I might go and have another bun. B: I was going to get another one. C: could you get me a tuna and sweetcorn one please? B: me as well? The first level is what is said: I think…and I was going…this is known as the locutionary