语用学幻灯片.pptVIP

(1) A. Can you tell me the time? B. Well, the mail has already come. (2) A. Are you going to John’s birthday party? B. I’ve heard Mary is going. VII．Characteristics of implicature 会话含义的特点： 1）Calculability可推导性 The speaker try to convey conversational implicatures and hearers are able to understand them suggests that implicatures are calculable. They can be worked out in the basis of some previous information. a. You are the cream in my coffee. The presupposition : I don’t quite like cream in my coffee. 前提 b. He is a machine. 效率高，任劳任怨，勤奋，或冷漠，机械古板，缺少灵活性。 列车员：三号车厢里有一名神经病人正在大吵大闹，他自称是拿破仑。 车长： 不要害怕，下站是滑铁卢。 2）Non-Detachability不可分离性 The conversational implicature is attached to the semantic content. Therefore it is possible to use a synonym and keep the implicature intact. 会话含义依附于话语义。 A: Did your treatment for stammering work? B:She sells seashells on the seashore. A: How amazing! B:. yew, b-b-but th-th-that’s not s-s-something I v-v-very often w-w-want to s-s-say. 3）Non-Conventionality 非规约性 Entailments is constant in all contexts. 衍推是规约意义的一部分　the implicature is indeterminate, which varies with the context. Man: Would you like to invite me up for a coffee? Woman: Oh… I’m afraid the place is in a terrible mess… 4）Cancellability可取消性: 通过增加句子可以消除原来的含义。 The conversational implicature relies on a number of factors: the CP, the linguistic and situational contexts. The implicatures can be cancelled by additional clauses. 朱镕基讲话 VIII. Relevance Theory (1986 Sperber Wilson ) Every act of ostensive明示communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance. Communication is not simply a matter of encoding and decoding. It also involves inference . 推理 1) An assumption is relevant in a context if and only if it has some contextual effect in that context. 设想具有语境效应时 2) An assumption is relevant to an individual at a given time if and only if it is relevant in one or more of the contexts availab