生活品质的新概念－FEEEP.DOCVIP

Economic Development Models Ch.2 ?Methodology : Models, a set of tools. Keynes : ”Economics is a science of thinking in Terms of models joined to the art of choosing models” The use of aggregate production function: limits(potential) of physical output(changes in such output-growth no trade-offs in production/output( no structural change crucial input(s) in limiting output (Single factor production function (Substitutes between/among factors ?Vicious Circle貧窮的循環 人口：隨所得上升，健康、衛生情況改善，人口快速增加，然後維持在某一水準，或下降。 生產力：每人產出（勞動生產力）增加率先緩慢升，然後下降。 y1：low income trap y2：unstable y3：high income, mature economy §Simple model, single factor productivity Output Q1 limited by K1, no substutibility between K and L L0L1: surplus labor Capital constraint , two sectors (Q=(?(( ((1?((1+(2?((2 additive assumption (=(Q/((=(((1/(()(1+(((2/(()(2 Labor productivity approach l1 l2 most likely ?Harrod-Domar成長模型（1950） 目的：探討景氣循環、均衡、穩定的成長率、成長軌跡。 capital output ratios, 線型生產函數/ Linear Model capital coefficient ,資本生產力 成長供給面的來源是投資，投資透過投資與儲蓄之間的穩定關係可導出均衡成長率。 S ( s Y Implications: (1)資本生產力的重要性 （經濟/產業結構），產出／總資源之分配狀況 k i (表示第i部門資本效率或資本生產力低。若該部門分配之投資（I i）愈多，雖然該部門對產出會有貢獻（(Yi），但其他資本效率較高部門分配到的資本就少，對產出的貢獻會相對減少。結果市總產出的增量（(Y）變小，而(Yi上升，W i 會上升；反之，k i小的，分配的資本少，(Yi 變小，W i 變小，最後加權平均k值上升。 (2)儲蓄率之提升，儲蓄之誘因／動機 儲蓄受實質利率影響; real interest rate =market rate-inflation rate 制度因素: security, culture, tax( forced savings) lack of saving tools: real estate price(efficiency of capital allocation (3)Extensions 生產函數及儲蓄行為複雜化 k, variable, not constant, Neo-classical production function. Dual social structure, high and low income group with different saving propensities (4) 儲蓄可否完全轉換成投資？ National income accounting identity, exposit. Business cycle theory, I ( S ex ante Physically transferable? Two-gap theory. -1- y（每人產出） % N Y y1 y0 y2 y3 K K1 L1 L0 Q2 Q1 L high wage island ( may or may not significant Q K l = ( K L significant (