Enzyme Regulation - Faculty酶的调节能力.ppt

Enzyme Regulation Enzyme Regulation Constitutive enzymes Enzymes needed at the same level all of the time Regulated enzymes Enzymes needed under some conditions but not others Lac Operon Enzymes are made to break down lactose only if lactose is present Lac operon Glucose = better carbon and energy source than lactose If glucose is available, Lactose pathway will be inhibited But, if glucose is not available, lactose will be used Lac vs. Trp operon The Lac operon is an inducible operon An enzyme is made only when its substrate is present Typical with catabolic enzymes Example: β galactosidase used to metabolize lactose Trp operon is a repressible operon If the product is present, the enzymes that synthesize this product will not be made Terms Inducer – a substance that initiates enzyme induction; lactose Corepressor – a substance that represses enzyme synthesis; arginine; tryptophan Both are called effectors Why are operons important? Why do we want to control expression of genes? saves energy saves raw materials can respond to changes in the environment Parts of the Lac Operon RNA polymerase The enzyme which makes the RNA (transcription) Promoter: A region on the DNA where the RNA polymerase can attach and initiate transcription Operator: A region on the DNA next to the promoter where the repressor binds The repressor binds to the operator when lactose is absent When you do not want to break down lactose The repressor cannot bind to the operator when lactose is present, when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter When you want to break down lactose What happens when the Lac operon is off? What happens when the Lac operon is on? Regulation of Lac operon Binding of repressor to the operator – operon off Also, has positive regulation, binding of cAMP/CAP – upstream from the promoter Lac operon Glucose/Lactose media When lactose is present it binds to the repressor and induces transcription But only if CAP protein also binds to the DNA (Catabolic acti