第3章国际贸易的标准理论(中).pptVIP

结论： 1、两国PPF相同而需求偏好不同，同样存在互利贸易的可能。 2、只有两国的PPF和需求偏好都是完全相同的情况下，两国贸易前商品相对价格也完全相同，才会使互利贸易不再发生。 Cha. 3 The Standard Theory of International Trade—（新古典的）标准贸易模型 Chapter Organization 3.1 Introduction ?? 3.2 The production Frontier with Increasing Costs ---成本递增下的生产可能性边界 3.3 Community Indifference Curves (CIC)---无差异曲线 3.4 Equilibrium in Isolation ---封闭状态下的均衡?? 3.5 The Basis for and the Gains form Trade with Increasing Costs---成本递增下的贸易基础及贸易所得 ?? 3.6 Trade Based on Differences in Tastes ---需求不同时的贸易 3.1 Introduction The standard trade model is a general model of trade that admits the previous one as special cases and extends the simple trade model to the more realistic case of increasing opportunity costs. ---标准贸易模型探讨的是机会成本递增时的贸易 Tastes or demand preferences are introduced with community indifference curves. ---引入表示不同需求或偏好的无差异曲线 3.2 The Production Frontier with Increasing Costs Assumptions of the model---模型的假设 Each country produces two goods, X and Y –两个国家，两种产品X和Y Each country’s production possibility frontier is a concave curve---每个国家都有个凹向原点的生产可能性边界 Fig 3.1 Production Frontiers of Nation 1  and Nation 2 with Increasing Costs  Increasing opportunity costs Concave production frontiers reflect increasing opportunity costs in each nation in the production of both commodities. ---凹向原点的生产可能性边界反映着两种商品都是机会成本递增的 MRT （Marginal Rate of Transformation 边际转换率) X对Y的边际转换率,即每多生产1单位的X而减少生产的Y的数量（以Y表示的X商品的机会成本）。 The MRT of X for Y refers to the amount of Y that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of X. Thus, MRT is the opportunity cost of X and is given by the absolute slope of the production frontier at the point of production---是生产可能性曲线切线斜率的绝对值 MRT=-ΔY/ΔX= Reasons for Increasing Opportunity Costs---递增的机会成本的原因 ?? Factors are not homogeneo