2 绿色化学-绿色化学原理课件.pptVIP

2 绿色化学的基本原理;2．1 防止污染优于污染治理 Prevent waste It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed.;2．2 提高原子经济性 Maximize atom economy Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product.;原子利用率仅为26%;2009;计算由乙烯制备环氧乙烷反应的原子利用率。 （1）经典方法??? 二步法 CH2=CH2 + Cl2 + H2O → ClCH2CH2OH + HCl ClCH2CH2OH + Ca（OH)2 +HCl → C2H4O + 2CaCl2+2H2O ;反应类型及其原子经济性;⑵ 加成反应。是原子经济反应,原子利用率100%. 加成反应一般分为亲电加成、亲核加成、催化加氢和环加成等类型。 ;⑶ 取代反应 反应的原子经济性降低。包括烷基化、芳基化、酰化、磺化等反应。其通式为： ;;2009;2009;2009;2009;2009;2009;2009; 为了衡量生产过程对环境的影响， 1992年荷兰化学家Sheldon提出了E-因子的概念，其定义为：生产单位质量（千克或吨）的产品产生废弃物的量。 ;2009;2009;2009;2009;2.3 无害化学合成 Design less hazardous chemical syntheses Wherever practicable, synthetic methodologies should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment. ;2.4 设计安全化学品 Design safer chemicals and products Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of function while reducing toxicity.;2 绿色化学品的评价原则 ;评估毒性大小的三个指标 ;3、设计绿色化学产品的方法和一般原则;5、绿色化学产品设计的成功范例 ;2.5 采用安全的溶剂和助剂 Use safer solvents and auxiliaries;2.6 提高能源经济性 Increase energy efficiency Energy requirements should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. Synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure.;光能 ;2.7 利用可再生资源合成化学品 Use renewable feedstocks A raw material of feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting wherever technically and economically practicable. ;木糖;2.8 减少衍生物 （Reduce derivatives）;2.9 采用高选择性的催化剂（Catalysis） ;2.10 设计可降解化学品 Design for degradation Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they do not persist in the environment and break down into innocuous degradation products.;2.11 预防污染的现场实时分析 Real-time analysis for pollution prevention; Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical