气象学与气候学chp307.pptVIP

3.2 Winds– Air Horizontal Motions 3.2.1 Air pressures 3.2.2 Forces and their effects 3.2.3 Air motion equations 3.2.4 Winds--horizontal motions of the air 3.2.2 Forces and their effects (1) The pressure-gradient force Pressure gradient: the rate of decrease of pressure in space at a given time GN = -(?P/?N) -(?P/?n) = 1-3 hPa/1赤道度（111km） -(?P/?z) = 1 hPa/10m (1) The pressure-gradient force Pressure gradient force: the force arising because of difference in pressure within a fluid G = -(1/?)(?P/?N) It is proportional to the pressure gradient. Direction: high pressure to low Effects: air motions (1) The pressure-gradient force G = -(1/?)(?P/?N) Gn = -(1/?)(?P/?n) Gz = -(1/?)(?P/?z) ?=1.3 *10-3 g/cm3 (?P/?n) = 1 hPa/100km (1hPa=0.1kg/cm2) After t = 3 h, V = ? (2) The Coriolis force Coriolis, French, 1792-1843 Definition an apparent force that arises when air velocity is measured with respect to the surface of the rotation earth Condition V?0, ? ?0 (2) The Coriolis force A = 2V·?·sin? V = air velocity = rotating rate of the Earth ? = latitude f = 2·?·sin?, geostrophic parameter Magnitude: 0 at the equator to a maximum at the Pole (2) The Coriolis force Noninertial force Direction: vertical, right/left vertical to direction of motion, right of the target in north hemisphere left of the target in south hemisphere Effects: deflection only change the direction of motion, but not the velocity (3) The Centrifugal force Definition: the apparent force that causes a rotating object to move outward, in a straight line, from the axis of rotation Condition: curved flow (3) The Centrifugal force C = r·?2 = V2/r V = air velocity = rotating rate of moving air r = semi-diameter (3) The Centrifugal force Noninertial force Direction: outward from the center Effects: only change the direction of motion, but not the velocity (4) The frictional force Definition: R = -kV V = air velocity k = frictional coefficient Condition: boundary layer (4) The