复旦大学无机化学IC01.pptVIP

When approximately 10 % of the hydrogen in the sun has been consumed in making helium, the outward thermal pressure is insufficient to counteract the gravitational attraction, which leads to a further contraction. The density of central core increases to about 105 g cm-3 and the temperature rises to perhaps 2×108 K. Helium burning can take place. The main nuclear reactions occurring in helium burning are: 4He + 4He ? 8Be and 8Be + 4He ? 12C* → 12C + γ The overall reaction is: 34He → 12C + γ 7.281 Mev Further helium-burning reactions can now follow: 12C + 4He → 16O + γ 7.148 MeV 16O + 4He → 20Ne + γ 4.75 MeV 20Ne + 4He → 24Mg + γ 9.31 MeV The increase of carbon, oxygen and neon leads to the further gravitational contraction. At a temperature of 5×108 K carbon burning becomes possible. Typical initial reactions would be: 12C + 12C → 24Mg +γ 13.85 MeV 23Na + 1H 2.23 MeV 20Ne + 4He 4.62 MeV The nuclei burning process will end at 56Fe nucleus because the heavier elements are produced by energy-consuming process. Before and after the end, there are a numerous reactions. The α-process can occur when the temperature rises above about 109 K. The γ-rays with enough energy can promote the endothermic reaction: 20Ne + γ → 16O + 4He -4.75 MeV 20Ne + 4He→ 24Mg + γ 9.31 MeV Likewise 28Si, 32S, 36Ar and 40Ca can be obtained by theα-process. The e-process (equilibrium process) The s- and r-processes (slow and rapid neutron absorption) The p-process (proton capture) The x-process (cosmic-ray bombardment) These processes above account for the formation of the elements and their isotopic abundances. Write balanced nuclear equations of the following processes: (1) 2310Ne undergoes α-process with neutron emission; (2) 9842Mo undergoes neutron capture, followed by β-decay accompanied by neutrino emission. Answer: (1) 2310Ne + 42He → 2612Mg + 10n (2) 9842Mo + 10n → 9942Mo + γ 9942Mo → 9943Tc +