盾构法 Shield Tunneling Method 盾构法.docVIP

Shield Tunneling Method Modern urban development in Japan had to begin with recovery from the ruins of war. In this small , highly populated country, an enormous amount of urban development work needed to be carried out under far from ideal conditions . With rapid economic growth , socioeconomic activity came to be excessively centralized in urban areas , leading to difficulties in securing space for urban facilities . As a result , they have often had to be built in already developed areas , often heavily built-up areas with dense concentrations of houses on narrow roads . Moreover , most major Japanese cities are situated on soft alluvial ground , through which tunneling is technically difficult . In soft alluvial ground , shield tunneling methods are the obvious choice . This active demand for tunnel construction , boosted by slow development of the urban infrastructure and difficult social and natural conditions , has honed Japan’s shield tunneling technology to a level where it leads the world . Shield tunneling was developed as a method of digging tunnels through the soft ground below rivers . The story of Brunel hitting upon the idea when he saw a shipworm boring holes through the bottom of a ship . He was granted a patent in 1818 , and commenced constructing the Thames Tunnel in London in 1823 . His basic concept was to press a rigid frame shield forward through soft ground with jacks , thus preventing the ground from collapsing , and build the tunnel structure within the frames . By repeating the process of jacking then constructing the support structure , the tunnel would move forward . The shield used for the Thames Tunnel was rectangular in cross section . A later redesign , with a circular cross section , was used by Greathead to construct the Tower Subway in 1869 . Cast steel segments , backfilling , and injection were all used by Greathead in his shield work , so his was the prototype of today’s shield . The use of compr