国外心理学研究方法课件25.catchingup.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Finishing up:Statistics Developmental designs Psych 231: Research Methods in Psychology Announcements Remember to turn in the second group project rating sheet in labs this week Statistics Summary Real world (‘truth’) H0 is correct H0 is wrong Experimenter’s conclusions Reject H0 Fail to Reject H0 Type I error Type II error Example Experiment: Group A - gets treatment to improve memory Group B - gets no treatment (control) After treatment period test both groups for memory Results: Group A’s average memory score is 80% Group B’s is 76% XA XB 76% 80% Is the 4% difference a “real” difference (statistically significant) or is it just sampling error? Two sample distributions H0: there is no difference between Grp A and Grp B H0: μA = μB About populations Observed difference Difference from chance Computed test statistic = set α-level Make a decision: reject H0 or fail to reject H0 Some inferential statistical tests The Design of the study determines what statistical tests are appropriate 1 factor with two groups T-tests Between groups: 2-independent samples Within groups: Repeated measures samples (matched, related) 1 factor with more than two groups Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (either between groups or repeated measures) Multi-factorial Factorial ANOVA T-test Design 2 separate experimental conditions Degrees of freedom Based on the size of the sample and the kind of t-test Formula: T = X1 - X2 Diff by chance Based on sample error Observed difference Computation differs for between and within t-tests XA XB T-test Reporting your results The observed difference between conditions Kind of t-test Computed T-statistic Degrees of freedom for the test The “p-value” of the test “The mean of the treatment group was 12 points higher than the control group. An independent samples t-test yielded a significant difference, t(24) = 5.67, p 0.05.” “The mean score of the post-test was 12 points higher than the pre-test. A